Focus on the Environment and Societal Impacts: Carbon Dioxide and the Oceans

Understanding Weather and Climate (7th Edition) (MasteringMeteorology Series) by Edward Aguado, James E. Burt

Physical Principles: The Thornthwaite Classification System

Understanding Weather and Climate (7th Edition) (MasteringMeteorology Series) by Edward Aguado, James E. Burt 

Physical Principles: The Surprising Composition of Clouds

Understanding Weather and Climate (7th Edition) (MasteringMeteorology Series) by Edward Aguado, James E. Burt

Forecasting: Water Vapor Satellite Imagery

Understanding Weather and Climate (7th Edition) (MasteringMeteorology Series) by Edward Aguado, James E. Burt

Evaporation and Condensation

Figure 5–2b shows what happens when we remove the covering on the liquid water surface. Without the covering, some of the molecules at the surface can escape into the overlying volume as water vapor. The process whereby molecules break free of the liquid volume is known as evaporation. The opposite process is condensation, wherein water vapor molecules randomly collide with the water surface and bond with adjacent molecules. At the beginning of our hypothetical experiment, no condensation could occur because no water vapor was present. As evaporation begins, however, water vapor starts to accumulate above the surface of the liquid.

At the early stages of evaporation, the low water vapor content prevents much condensation from occurring, and the rate of evaporation exceeds that of condensation. This leads to an increase in the amount of water vapor present. With increasing water vapor content, however, the condensation rate likewise increases. Eventually, the amount of water vapor above the surface is enough for the rates of condensation and evaporation to become equal, as shown in Figure 5–2c. A constant amount of water vapor now exists in the volume above the water surface due to offsetting gains and losses by evaporation and condensation. The resulting equilibrium state is called saturation. When this equilibrium exists in the atmosphere, the air is said to be saturated.

The state of saturation described here can occur whether or not air (or other gases, for that matter) exists in the container. In other words, the water vapor is not “held” by the air (although this erroneous statement is frequently made). Water vapor is a gas, just like the other components of the air. Thus, it does not need to be “held” by air any more than the oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and other gases of the atmosphere need to be held by water vapor! When the air is saturated, there is simple an equilibrium between evaporation and condensation; the dry air plays no role in achieving this state. It is also important to realize that the exchange of water vapor and liquid described here applies as well to the change of phase between water vapor and ice. The change of phase directly from ice to water vapor, without passing into the liquid phase, is called sublimation. The reverse process (from water vapor to ice) is called deposition (Figure 5–3).

Understanding Weather and Climate (7th Edition) (MasteringMeteorology Series) 7th Edition by Edward Aguado (Author), James E. Burt (Author)

Adiabatic Lapse Rates

What do you know about the Wet Adiabatic Lapse rate?

-       Less than dry adiabatic lapse rate

The more it slants = greater lapse rate 

Lapse rate = Rate of cooling

What’s the difference between the Dry and Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

-   Unsaturated à reaches LCL à Saturated

-   Latent “Hidden” heat - The heat either released or absorbed as a result of a change of state.

-   When a cloud forms….

o   The water vapor reaches the LCL à Temperature decreases à It’s doing work à slows the rate of cooling

-   Water vapor condenses à latent heat is released

Mixing ratio (w) - A measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air of a given sized quantity of dry air. Grams of vapor per kilogram of dry air.

W = Water vapor in the box

-   Dewpoint Lapse Rate = As it goes up it decreases = 2 deg C / km

-   Dew point (Td) - The temperature to which air must cool at constant pressure in order for air to reach saturation (commonly dew to form); indicates moisture content.